Harvard & Smithsonian astronomers have detected the first Jupiter-like planet without clouds or haze in its observable atmosphere. The findings were published this month in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Named WASP-62 b, the gas giant Jupiter-like planet was first detected in 2012 through the Wide Angle Search for Planets (WASP) South survey. Its atmosphere, however, had never been closely studied until now. Munazza Alam, a graduate student at the Center for Astrophysics who led the study, said:
“For my thesis, I have been working on exoplanet characterization. I take discovered planets and I follow up on them to characterize their atmospheres.”
Known as a “hot Jupiter,” WASP-62 b is 575 light-years away and about half the mass of our solar system’s Jupiter. However, unlike our Jupiter, which takes nearly 12 years to orbit the Sun, WASP-62 b completes a rotation around its star in just four-and-a-half days. This proximity to the star makes it extremely hot, hence the name “hot Jupiter.”
Observations of the Jupiter-like planet WASP-62 b
Using the Hubble Space Telescope, Alam recorded data and observations of the Jupiter-like planet using spectroscopy, the study of electromagnetic radiation to help detect chemical elements. Alam specifically monitored WASP-62 b as it swept in front of its host star three times, making visible-light observations, which can detect the presence of sodium and potassium in a planet’s atmosphere. Alam said:
“I’ll admit that at first I wasn’t too excited about this planet. But once I started to take a look at the data, I got excited.”
While there was no evidence of potassium, sodium’s presence was strikingly clear on the Jupiter-like planet. The team was able to view the full sodium absorption lines in their data, or its complete fingerprint. Clouds or haze in the atmosphere would obscure the complete signature of sodium, Alam explains, and astronomers usually can only make out small hints of its presence, adding:
“This is smoking gun evidence that we are seeing a clear atmosphere.”
Cloud-free planets are exceedingly rare; astronomers estimate that less than 7 percent of exoplanets have clear atmospheres, according to recent research. For example, the first and only other known exoplanet with a clear atmosphere was discovered in 2018. Named WASP-96 b, it is classified as a hot Saturn.
Astronomers believe studying exoplanets with cloudless atmospheres can lead to a better understanding of how they were formed. Alam said their rarity “suggests something else is going on or they formed in a different way than most planets.”
Clear atmospheres also make it easier to study the chemical composition of planets, which can help identify what a planet is made of. With the launch of the James Webb Space Telescope later this year, the team hopes to have new opportunities to study and better understand the Jupiter-like planet WASP-62 b. The telescope’s improved technologies, like higher resolution and better precision, should help them probe the atmosphere even closer to search for the presence of more elements, such as silicon.
Provided by: Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
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