The first emergence and persistence of the continental crust on Earth during the Archaean Eon (4 billion to 2.5 billion years ago) have important implications for plate tectonics, ocean chemistry, and biological evolution, and it happened about half a billion years earlier than previously thought, according to new research being presented at the EGU General Assembly 2021.
As the continental crust breaks down, it adds crucial minerals and nutrients to the ocean
Once land forming the continental crust becomes established through dynamic processes like plate tectonics, it begins to weather and add crucial minerals and nutrients to the ocean. A record of these nutrients is preserved in the ancient rock record. Previous research used strontium isotopes in marine carbonates, but these rocks are usually scarce or altered in rocks older than 3 billion years. Now, researchers are presenting a new approach to trace the first emergence of old rocks using a different mineral: barite.
Barite forms from a combination of sulfate coming from ocean water mixing with barium from hydrothermal vents. Barite holds a robust record of ocean chemistry within its structure and it is useful for reconstructing ancient environments. Desiree Roerdink, a geochemist at the University of Bergen, Norway, and the team leader of the new research, said:
“The composition of the piece of barite we pick up in the field now that has been on Earth for three and a half billion years, is exactly the same as it was when it actually precipitated. So in essence, it is really a great recorder to look at processes on the early Earth.”
Roerdink and her team tested six different deposits on three different continents, ranging from about 3.2 billion to 3.5 billion years old. They calculated the ratio of strontium isotopes in the barite, and from there, inferred the time when the weathered continental rock made its way to the ocean and incorporated itself into the barite. Based on the data captured in the barite, they found that weathering started about 3.7 billion years ago — about 500 million years earlier than previously thought. Roerdink said:
“That is a huge time period. It essentially has implications for the way that we think about how life evolved.”
She added that scientists usually think about life having started in the deep sea or hydrothermal settings, but the biosphere is complex:
“We don’t really know if it is possible that life could have developed at the same time on land, but then that land has to be there.”
Lastly, the emergence of land says something about plate tectonics and the early emergence of a geodynamic Earth. Roerdink said:
“To get land, you need processes operating to form that continental crust, and form a crust that is chemically different from the oceanic crust.”
Provided by: Sarah Derouin, European Geosciences Union [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
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