Earth is not necessarily the best planet in the universe. Researchers have identified two dozen planets outside our Solar System that may have conditions more suitable for life than our own. Some of these orbit stars may be better than even our Sun.
A study led by Washington State University scientist Dirk Schulze-Makuch, recently published in the journal Astrobiology, details characteristics of potential “superhabitable” planets, which include those that are older, a little larger, slightly warmer, and possibly wetter than Earth. Life could also more easily thrive on planets that circle more slowly, changing stars with longer lifespans than our Sun.
The 24 top contenders for superhabitable planets are all more than 100 light-years away, but Schulze-Makuch said the study could help focus future observation efforts, such as from NASA’s James Web Space Telescope, the LUVIOR space observatory, and the European Space Agency’s PLATO space telescope. Schulze-Makuch, a professor with WSU and the Technical University in Berlin, said:
“With the next space telescopes coming up, we will get more information, so it is important to select some targets. We have to focus on certain planets that have the most promising conditions for complex life. However, we have to be careful to not get stuck looking for a second Earth because there could be planets that might be more suitable for life than ours.”
For the study, Schulze-Makuch, a geobiologist with expertise in planetary habitability, teamed up with astronomers René Heller of the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research and Edward Guinan of Villanova University to identify superhabitability criteria and search among the 4,500 known exoplanets beyond our solar system for good candidates. Habitability does not mean these planets definitely have life, but that they have the conditions that would be conducive to life.
The researchers selected planet-star systems with probable terrestrial planets orbiting within the host star’s liquid water habitable zone from the Kepler Object of Interest Exoplanet Archive of transiting exoplanets. While the Sun is the center of our Solar System, it has a relatively short lifespan of less than 10 billion years. Since it took nearly 4 billion years before any form of complex life appeared on Earth, many similar stars to our Sun, called G stars, might run out of fuel before complex life can develop.
Dirk Schulze-Makuch, Technical University Berlin/Washington State University, speaks during the First Landing Site/Exploration Zone Workshop for Human Missions to the Surface of Mars held at the Lunar and Planetary Institute, Wednesday, Oct. 28, 2015, in Houston, Texas. (Image: Bill Ingalls via NASA)
In addition to looking at systems with cooler G stars, the researchers also looked at systems with K dwarf stars, which are somewhat cooler, less massive, and less luminous than our Sun. K stars have the advantage of long lifespans of 20 billion to 70 billion years. This would allow orbiting planets to be older as well as give life more time to advance to the complexity currently found on Earth. However, to be habitable, planets should not be so old that they have exhausted their geothermal heat and lack protective geomagnetic fields.
Planets that are 5-8 billion years old are the best candidates for life
Earth is around 4.5 billion years old, but researchers argue that the sweet spot for life is a planet that is between 5 billion to 8 billion years old. Size and mass also matter. A planet that is 10 percent larger than the Earth should have more habitable land. One that is about 1.5 times Earth’s mass would be expected to retain its interior heating through radioactive decay longer and would also have a stronger gravity to retain an atmosphere over a longer time period.
Earth is around 4.5 billion years old, but researchers argue that the sweet spot for life is a planet that is between 5 billion to 8 billion years old. (Image: via Vecteezy)
Water is key to life, and the authors argue that a little more of it would help, especially in the form of moisture, clouds, and humidity. A slightly overall warmer temperature, a mean surface temperature of about 5°C (or about 8°F) greater than Earth, together with the additional moisture, would be also better for life. This warmth and moisture preference is seen on Earth, with greater biodiversity in tropical rain forests than in colder, drier areas.
Among the 24 top planet candidates, none of them meet all the criteria for superhabitable planets, but one has four of the critical characteristics, making it possibly much more comfortable for life than our home planet. Schulze-Makuch said:
“It’s sometimes difficult to convey this principle of superhabitable planets because we think we have the best planet. We have a great number of complex and diverse lifeforms, and many that can survive in extreme environments. It is good to have adaptable life, but that doesn’t mean that we have the best of everything.”
Provided by: Washington State University [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
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