Since antiquity, Mars has been a source of myth, lore, and inspiration. It is also an exciting place to research — a legitimate candidate for us to find some form of alien life.
Since the 1960s, Mars has been a popular destination for space missions. For the first time, NASA has invited the private sector to submit proposals on commercial Mars missions.
These missions would range from carrying various payloads to the red planet, to providing communications relay services. No talk of a Mars astronaut just yet.
But do people still want to go to Mars? Absolutely. One question is, what is the best way to get people there? Another question — should we?
Modern exploration of Mars
Since 1960, there have been 50 missions with scientific and technical objectives related to Mars. Thirty-one of these have been deemed successful, which is not a bad strike rate.
There have also been plenty of spectacular failures, like the crash of the Schiaparelli lander in 2016.
These missions have returned a wealth of information about Mars — its atmosphere, orbit, geology, and more. According to some parts of the Internet, they have also returned amazing images of “faces” on its surface, “doors” in rocky cliffs, and “fossilized bones.”
In all cases, geologists had more mundane explanations (rocks). But such public interest shows that Mars indeed occupies our imaginations.
A typical interplanetary space mission costs at least a billion U.S. dollars, so the world’s major space agencies have spent no less than US$50 billion on Mars over the years. And this is just to send cameras, rovers, and landers. Sending people to Mars would be the next level.
A better way to do business?
NASA is starting to explore different ways to undertake space missions. For decades, NASA and other space agencies around the world have spent large sums on in-house planning, development, prototyping, and production for space missions.
In the 2020s, the technologies that enable and support space exploration are increasingly being developed in the commercial world. An example most people will be familiar with is Elon Musk’s SpaceX. Many SpaceX objectives have Mars and beyond as the ultimate goal — “making humanity interplanetary.”
The development of the Falcon rockets by SpaceX, Starlink satellites, and the Starship rocket could not be further from NASA’s historical model. Where the NASA approach has been conservative, SpaceX makes many changes fast, iterates quickly, and learns quickly from failure.
And SpaceX is not alone. There is a growing industry of commercial providers of access to space, particularly in the United States.
NASA’s current roadmap involves going “back to the Moon” to re-establish a human presence with the Artemis program, then on to a human presence on Mars. In this roadmap, the concept of leveraging commercial providers has taken hold.
Instead of in-house development, NASA is moving in favor of specifying requirements and then assessing the solutions commercial providers might supply in a competitive process.
Pros and cons
It appears that now, even compared to 20 years ago, such an approach has become much more viable, as demonstrated by SpaceX. In theory, it could be cheaper and more efficient.
The bigger positive effect will likely be a substantial stimulus to the commercial sector. With companies innovating to meet the requirements of space missions, the technology spin-offs will potentially have more economic and social impact than getting to Mars itself.
There is a good history of this, from the development of technologies for space and mega-science projects more generally.
However, it is very early days, and the commercial approach has to prove itself. There is always an argument that once you cease in-house development at a place like NASA, capabilities start to gradually decay. Time will tell. The first step — reaching the Moon — will go a long way in testing the approach.
But should humans go to Mars?
Mars entered the modern psyche as a place of mystery, promise, and danger. This was illustrated vividly more than 100 years ago by H.G. Wells in the novel The War of the Worlds. The number of books, songs, TV shows, and movies about Mars is enormous, containing some great (and not-so-great) art.
Should humans go to Mars? Elon Musk wants to do it, sure. In the 2010s, the Dutch Mars One startup selected 100 volunteers to travel to Mars on a one-way ticket and raised millions of dollars before going bankrupt in 2019. There will always be some cross-section of society wanting to live on Mars.
Some will argue that before humans become interplanetary and start to “mess up” another planet, we should ensure Earth is looked after. Others point out that space exploration should do more to include sustainability.
Despite this debate, if the history of human exploration is anything to go by, you only need a tiny fraction of the population to be motivated enough to do it. If they also have the capital, it will happen.
I can’t see that Mars will be much different.
Steven Tingay, John Curtin Distinguished Professor (Radio Astronomy), Curtin University
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article.
