Associate professor of anthropology Charles Golden and his colleagues have found the long-lost capital of an ancient Maya kingdom in the backyard of a Mexican cattle rancher.
Golden, in collaboration with Brown University bioarchaeologist Andrew Scherer and a team of researchers from Mexico, Canada, and the United States, began excavating the site in June 2018.
Among their findings is a trove of Maya monuments, one of which has an important inscription describing rituals, battles, a mythical water serpent, and the dance of a rain god.
They’ve also found remnants of pyramids, a royal palace, and a ball court. Cows grazed while the scientists worked. Ensuring the animals didn’t trample the excavation, fall into deep pits, or soil the working area with dung proved a daily challenge.
Left, drawing of a tablet found at the ancient Maya kingdom site. Right, a digital 3-D model. (Image: via Stephen Houston (Brown University) / Charles Golden (Brandeis))
Ancient Maya kingdom of Sak Tz’i’ found
Golden and his fellow researchers believe the archaeological site, named Lacanja Tzeltal for the nearby modern community, was the capital of the Maya Sak Tz’i’ kingdom, located in what is today the state of Chiapas in southeastern Mexico. It was likely first settled by 750 B.C.E. and then occupied for over 1,000 years.
Academics have been looking for evidence of Sak Tz’i’ since 1994 when they identified references to it in inscriptions found at other Maya excavation sites. The realm is also mentioned in sculptures housed in museums around the world. Sak Tz’i’ was by no means the most powerful of the Maya kingdoms, and its remnants are modest compared to the more well-known Maya sites of Chichen Itza and nearby Palenque.
But Golden says finding Sak Tz’i’ is still a major advance in our understanding of ancient Maya politics and culture. He likened it to trying to put together a map of medieval Europe from historical documents and reading about someplace called France.
Essentially, Golden and his team have located France. “It’s that big a piece of the puzzle,” Golden said. Golden and his collaborators published the results of their research in the Journal of Field Archaeology.
How they found Sak Tz’i’ with the help of a food vendor
In June 2014, in search of a dissertation topic, University of Pennsylvania student Whittaker Schroder, who worked on Golden’s project, drove around Chiapas looking at archaeological digs.
Toward the end of his stay, a man selling carnitas on the side of the highway started waving at him as he rode by. Schroder thought he wanted him to buy his food. A vegetarian, he kept going. Finally, a day before his departure, Schroder decided he had nothing to lose and pulled over.
The man wasn’t interested in selling Schroder carnitas after all. He told Schroder his friend had discovered an ancient stone tablet. He knew that Schroder, who’d been doing research in the area for several years, was interested in the Maya.
Would the graduate student like to see it? The next day Schroder and another grad student, Jeffrey Dobereiner of Harvard, met with the vendor’s friend, a cattle rancher, convenience store owner, and carpenter, and confirmed the tablet’s authenticity. He then passed on word to Golden and Scherer.
A map of the excavation site. The horseshoe-shaped structure to the left is the palace area. On the far right, center, is the Monuments Plaza. (Image: via Charles Golden)
It took another five years to negotiate permission to excavate on the property. In Mexico, cultural patrimony like ancient Maya sites is considered the property of the state, so the rancher worried his land might be confiscated by the government. Golden and Scherer worked with him and government officials to make sure that this wouldn’t happen.
Daily life
The Sak Tz’i’ kingdom was relatively small, straddling what is today the Mexican-Guatemala border. Why it was called Sak Tz’i’, which means white dog, is unknown. Commoners lived in the countryside harvesting a wide variety of crops and making pottery and stone tools. Golden and his colleagues found the remnants of what was likely the city’s marketplace where these goods were brought to be sold.
The kingdom’s residents also came to the city to attend ceremonial ball games in which players kept a solid rubber ball, sometimes as heavy as twenty pounds, bouncing back and forth across a narrow playing field using their hips and shoulders. On the northeastern end of the city are the ruins of a 45-foot high pyramid and several surrounding structures that served as elite residences and sites for religious rituals.
The center of religious and political activity was the “Plaza Muk’ul Ton,” or Monuments Plaza, a 1.5-acre courtyard where the people gathered for ceremonies. A staircase leads from the plaza to a towering platform, where temples and reception halls were arrayed and members of the royal family once held court and might have been buried.
War and peace
Sak Tz’i’ had the misfortune of being surrounded on all sides by more powerful states. For the inhabitants of the capital and countryside, this meant the perpetual threat of warfare and violent interruptions of daily life. Golden and his collaborators have found evidence that the capital was surrounded on one side by steep-walled streams. On the other side, masonry walls were built to keep out invaders. These fortifications weren’t always effective.
Inscriptions on one monument tell of a time when at least a portion of the city was set ablaze during a conflict with neighboring kingdoms. Ultimately, the survival of Sak Tz’i may have depended as much on its ability to make peace with its neighbors — and even play them off against each other — as its military strength.
Golden says this is one of the reasons Sak Tz’i holds so much interest for researchers. Little is known about how mid-size Maya realms maneuvered and managed to persist in the face of constant hostilities from more powerful kingdoms.
The monuments of Sak Tz’i’
So far, dozens of sculptures have been found among the ruins at the Sak Tz’i site, though many have been damaged by looters or degraded over the millennia by rain, forest fires, and lush tropical vegetation.
But the best-preserved sculpture is the one originally shown to Schroder by the carnitas vendor. A 2 x 4-foot tablet, its inscriptions tell stories about a mythical water serpent, described in poetic couplets as “shiny sky, shiny earth,” and several elderly, stony gods whose names aren’t given. There are also accounts of the lives of dynastic rulers.
Another inscription tells of a mythic flood, while others list what are probably historic dates for the births and battles of various rulers, including a king named K’ab Kante’. This intertwining of myth and reality is typical of Maya inscriptions and had special meaning for ancient scribes and readers.
At the bottom of the tablet is a dancing royal figure. The Maya believed royalty could become one with or even transform into a god. In this case, the ruler is dressed as the rain god connected to violent tropical storms, Yopaat.
Schroder (left) and Scherer (right) excavate in the ballcourt, which they enclosed with a fence to keep away nosy cows. (Image: via Charles Golden)
In his right hand, he carries an ax that is the lightning bolt of the storm, which has a deified aspect named K’awiil. In his left hand, the figure carries a “manopla,” a stone gauntlet or bludgeon used in ritual combat.
What’s next?
With the permission of the Mexican government and the local community, Golden, Scherer, and the rest of their team plan to return to Sak Tz’i’ in June. They will continue mapping the ancient city using, among other tools, a technique called LIDAR (light detection and ranging) in which a laser finder is mounted on an airplane or drone to reveal architecture and topography, even beneath the dense jungle canopy.
Team members will stabilize ancient buildings in danger of collapse, and further document those sculptures still among the ruins. They will also further explore the area that they believe is a marketplace, hoping to find more evidence of the goods sold there and workshops where stone tools and other products were made. Golden says the scientists are paying particular attention to working closely with the local community, adding:
“To be truly successful,, the research will need to reveal new understandings of the ancient Maya and represent a locally meaningful collaboration with their modern descendants.”
Provided by: Lawrence Goodman, Brandeis University [Note: Materials may be edited for content and length.]
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