The penny-farthing, also known as a high wheel, high wheeler, or ordinary, is an early type of bicycle. It was popular in the 1870s and 1880s, with its large front wheel providing high speeds, owing to it traveling a significant distance for every rotation of the legs, and comfort because the large wheel provided greater shock absorption.
The history of the penny-farthing
The name penny-farthing came from the British penny and farthing coins, the penny being much larger than the farthing so that the side view of the bicycle resembles a larger penny (the front wheel) leading to a smaller farthing (the rear wheel).
Eugène Meyer, a Frenchman, invented the high-wheeler bicycle design in 1869 and fashioned the wire-spoke tension wheel. He is regarded as the father of the high-bicycle.
Around 1870, English inventor James Starley, described as the father of the bicycle industry, and others, began producing bicycles based on the French design but with front wheels of increasing size because larger front wheels, up to 5 feet (152 cm) in diameter, enabled higher speeds on bicycles limited to direct-drive.
In 1878, Albert Pope began manufacturing the Columbia bicycle outside Boston, starting their two-decade use in America.
The bicycle became less prevalent in the late 1880s with the development of modern bicycles, which provided similar speed via a chain-driven gear train and comfort from pneumatic tires. They were marketed as “safety bicycles” because of the greater ease of mounting and dismounting, the reduced danger of falling, and the reduced height to fall compared to penny-farthings.
How does the penny-farthing bicycle operate?
The fascinating dynamics of the penny-farthing bicycle are found in the way it balances a large front wheel with a tiny back wheel, resulting in a smooth and thrilling ride. The large front wheel is primarily intended to maximize the bicycle’s speed.
The greater circumference of the wheel covers more ground with each rotation of the pedals when the pedals are attached directly to the front wheel. In addition to adding to the unique appeal of the bicycle, riders’ elevated positions improve their visibility when negotiating traffic.
However, there are certain shortcomings to this design. Riders positioned high up and above the front axle are vulnerable to possible hazards. This is especially true when they come across rocks or ruts that may result in a dangerous scenario known as “headers.” These headers happen when riders are knocked from their bicycles headfirst by a sudden hit.
The mechanical parts of a penny-farthing consist of:
1. Frame: Penny-farthings are usually made of metal and have a simple frame design.
2. Tires: They were among the first bicycles to use all-metal construction, and they also debuted tire types that were novel and used solid rubber.
3. Pedals: These pedals drive the bicycle forward without needing chains or gears since they are directly connected to the front wheel’s axle.
Modern penny-farthings
Today, enthusiasts ride restored penny-farthings, and a few manufacturers build new ones with modern materials. One of these manufacturers is UDC Penny Farthings, the largest penny-farthing manufacturer in the United Kingdom.
Modern penny-farthings are a little lighter and roll a little better due to better tires and bearings, but otherwise, they’re identical to the construction from the 1870s. You choose the front wheel size on your penny-farthing according to the length of your legs. If you have strong legs, you can ride shorter crank arms and a larger front wheel and thus get a higher speed.
Penny-farthing races
Penny-farthing or high-wheeled races occur throughout Europe and North America and are spectacular, even if the speed is not as high as in a road race with modern bicycles. It’s difficult to break a strong group and go for the breakaway, leading to tight races. On top of that, it feels like the tactics from modern cycling apply to these races as well — power-saving and positioning are just as important. The risk of crashing is always there, and because you sit so high, it feels like the risk of hurting yourself if you do come down is high.
The bike itself (and its construction) feels less crucial than modern bikes, and you can buy a competition-ready high-wheel bike for about US$1,800-$2,000.
Taking care of a piece of history
Despite the passage of time and the development of more advanced modes of transportation, a dedicated following of enthusiasts battled to preserve the original penny-farthing bicycles.
These individuals, who were affectionately referred to as “wheelmen,” devoted their entire lives to preserving, maintaining, and paying homage to an older mode of transportation. Their commitment extends beyond simply recognizing the historical significance of the penny-farthing bicycle. They have a great deal of admiration for the technical achievements and craftsmanship that were required to make these vintage bicycles.
Finding the original parts, paying close attention to the details, and understanding how the penny-farthing is constructed are all essential to restoring these historic bicycles.
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