The tale of Heshen, remembered for being one of the richest men in history as well as one of the most corrupt Chinese officials to ever live, is well-known in every Chinese household. During the reign of Emperor Qianlong, herose to the pinnacle of power, second only to the emperor himself, holding positions such as the Grand Scholar of the Hall of Literary Glory and the Chief Minister of the Grand Council. But how did a figure of such infamy meet his downfall at the hands of Emperor Jiaqing?
Heshen’s early life and ascent
The Biography of Heshen, compiled during the reign of Emperor Jiaqing, provides a detailed account of Heshen’s origins and his meteoric rise. Born in 1750 as Shanbao from the Manchu Niohuru clan, he was not from a wealthy military family. Despite his humble beginnings, he and his brother were well-educated, laying the foundation for his future success.
At the age of 20, Heshen inherited a minor noble title and attempted the imperial examinations, which he failed. However, his talent did not go unnoticed, leading to his involvement in various cultural and educational initiatives. His life took a significant turn at 23 when he was appointed as a third-rank guard, marking the beginning of his illustrious career.
The emperor’s favor
Heshen’s rise was fueled by Emperor Qianlong’s favor, which was reportedly won over by his bravery and knowledge. On one occasion, when a ceremonial cover was missing, he boldly took responsibility, leading to his promotion. Another time, he impressed the emperor by completing a verse from Confucius, showcasing his literary talent.
By the age of 26, Heshen’s position had significantly improved, culminating in his appointment as the Minister of the Imperial Household Department. Within six months, he went from a mere guard to a key figure in the imperial court, enjoying the emperor’s absolute trust.
In 1780, at 31, Heshen was tasked with investigating a corruption case involving the governor of Yunnan, a mission he executed with exceptional skill. His report on administrative chaos in Yunnan won Emperor Qianlong’s praise, further cementing his status in the court.
Marrying into the royal family
A marriage arranged by Emperor Qianlong between Heshen’s son and the emperor’s favorite daughter brought him both political and economic benefits, making him untouchable even in the face of mistakes.
Despite a disastrous military command that led to a defeat in Gansu, Heshen returned to the capital without facing any repercussions, and was even given additional responsibilities. Over 29 years, he received 47 significant promotions, reflecting his unparalleled influence in the court.
Heshen’s ability to amass wealth and manipulate court politics played a significant role in his favor with Emperor Qianlong. He was not only adept in cultural pursuits, but also in satisfying the emperor’s financial needs without using funds from the state treasury.
Exploitative wealth accumulation
Heshen’s tenure was marked by bribery, corruption, aggressive extortion, and accumulation of wealth, which turned the financially struggling Imperial Household Department into a profitable entity. This financial prowess made him indispensable to Emperor Qianlong, who relied heavily on his financial schemes for personal luxuries.
The inevitable downfall
Despite his clever manipulation of court politics and his role as a financial wizard, Heshen’s cunning could not save him from eventual downfall. His extensive power and influence, built through alliances and suppression of upright officials, became his undoing under Emperor Jiaqing’s reign.
Translated article
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