They say eyes are the windows to the soul. But what if all your eyes reveal is the wear and tear of everyday life? That’s what “dark circles” reveal about our physical, emotional, and, sometimes, genetic state. When you notice discoloration around your eyes, it’s easy to think it’s probably due to fatigue, and it will disappear. But the truth is far more complex.
Yes, dark circles, also known as periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH), periorbital dark circles, or periocular melanosis, can be a sign of a late-night Netflix binge or simply being tired. However, they may also be caused by allergies, genetics, thyroid conditions, or older age. Recent lifestyle or diet changes may also cause dark circles.
Understanding what causes stubborn shadows under your eyes is the first step in effectively managing them. You may even learn not to view them as flaws, but as part of your skin’s story. This article explores the types and causes of dark circles, what your eyes may reveal about your lifestyle, health, or genetics, and how to minimize them.
What exactly are dark circles
Dark circles appear as discolorations or shadowing beneath your eyes. But you may ask, why your eyes specifically? Your under-eyes have super-thin, translucent layers since there is minimal fat there. So, it’s usually easy to see what’s happening underneath. Plus, as we age, our skin becomes thinner, and blood vessels become more visible. The discoloration beneath your eyes may range from blue, purple, brown, or even gray. Understanding the type may help you determine the most effective way to reduce dark circles.
Types of dark circles
Pigmented dark circles
A brownish or yellowish hue characterizes this type. You are most likely to see it in individuals with deeper skin tones or those with a genetic predisposition to it. It most likely appears in people prone to melanin overproduction, and the thin skin in this area makes it more noticeable under the eyes.
Vascular dark circles
They are vascular circles if you see bluish, purplish, or sometimes reddish dark circles. Vascular circles are most commonly visible in individuals with fair skin, whose delicate skin reveals the activity or color of deoxygenated blood vessels. Additionally, if your dark circles intensify at specific times of the day, they may be caused by vascular issues.
Structural or hollow dark circles
Sometimes, dark circles may appear not because of blood vessels or melanin, but due to the structure of your face and the deep-set nature of your eyes. The natural structure of your eye socket may create shadows that appear as dark circles, especially in particular facial expressions or light conditions. This may occur as your face loses its volume and begins to hollow out due to the effects of aging.
Mixed-type
Dark circles may also appear as a combination of two or more types. You may display a blend of colors or textures, which can make self-diagnosis more complicated. That’s why it’s advisable to visit a dermatologist to identify the type and recommend the best solution.
Causes of dark circles
Genetics
Genetics is a primary cause of dark circles, and a 2014 study showed a strong link between POH and genetics in 63 percent of the participants. In short, you are more likely to have dark circles if your family members have them. The dark circles may appear due to the structure of your face, such as deep tear troughs, excessive melanin, or naturally thin skin under your eyes. Sometimes, these dark circles may appear in early childhood and gradually intensify over time.
Lack of sleep or recovery
Poor sleeping habits may lead to dull, pale skin, accentuating the blue or purple veins under your eyes. Sometimes, the puffiness around the eyes comes from fluid building up under your eyes when lying flat. This puffiness then creates a shadow. This is primarily visible after a rough night out. It may also happen if you oversleep.
Aging
Besides genetics, aging is another common cause of POH. As you age, your skin tends to sag, lose collagen, and become thinner. Collagen maintains your skin’s elasticity, and when it reduces, the dark blood vessels under your eyes become more visible. Old age may also cause the skin under your eyes to appear hollow, casting shadows that resemble dark circles. Additionally, fragile capillaries under your eyes may leak tiny amounts of blood, causing the area to darken.
Hyperpigmentation
Hyperpigmentation is an overproduction of melanin in the skin under your eyes. It is especially common among people with deeper skin tones, such as those of African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian descent. Other factors that can cause hyperpigmentation include excessive sun exposure, inflammation, and chronic eye rubbing.
Allergies or nasal congestion
Allergic reactions, nasal congestion, and dry eyes can cause dark circles, sometimes referred to as “allergic shiners.” First, allergies or eczema cause itching, prompting people to rub their eyes. This constant rubbing leads to swelling and post-inflammatory pigmentation. Additionally, discoloration may occur when nasal congestion causes the blood capillaries around your eyes to dilate and sometimes rupture, resulting in a bluish tint.
Dehydration
Water is essential for your skin. When dehydrated, your skin may lose plumpness, appear dull, and emphasize wrinkles. This creates an illusion of dark circles because the skin under your eyes appears sunken and shadowed.
Lifestyle factors
You are what you eat, and your skin usually reflects your lifestyle choices. For example, smoking releases toxins into your body that reduce collagen production and cause premature aging. It also affects blood circulation, accentuating postural orthostatic hypotension (POH). Overconsumption of alcohol also causes skin dehydration and fluid retention, making your eyes look puffy. Also, remember that too much alcohol disrupts your sleep cycle.
Poor diet can also affect your skin, leading to dark circles. Processed foods or diets high in salt can lead to fluid retention and blood flow issues, allowing blood to pool under your eyes. Over time, this area may develop a bluish-purple or brownish discoloration if leaky capillaries break down, leaving behind iron deposits.
Health and medical conditions
Medical conditions may also make dark circles more noticeable. For example, anemia or iron deficiency is characterized by low iron levels, which reduce oxygen flow and can result in paler skin. The blood also becomes darker, making the circles more prominent against pale skin. Thyroid disorders can also cause POH. Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid) can cause fluid retention and puffiness, while hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) may lead to thinning skin, which can contribute to dark shadows. Lastly, atopic and contact dermatitis usually thicken the skin and trigger melanin overproduction, leaving behind stubborn brown patches.
How to treat dark circles
Home remedies and lifestyle adjustments
You can reduce POH by using inexpensive and straightforward strategies. Remember, even though most home remedies for removing dark circles are not scientifically proven, they are worth trying, especially for alleviating fatigue, dehydration, and allergies.
Cold compress
Wrapped ice cubes in a cloth or chilled spoons work by constricting the blood vessels under your eyes, reducing puffiness.
Adequate sleep
A good night’s sleep can help alleviate dark circles under the eyes. Also, you can elevate your head with a pillow to avoid fluid retention under your eyes overnight. This is recommended for vascular (bluish) POH.
Hydration and diet
Drinking plenty of water keeps your skin plump and reduces dullness. As for diet, it’s recommended to reduce your intake of excessive salt to minimize puffiness. Additionally, include foods rich in vitamins C, E, and K to support collagen production and enhance capillary strength. Iron-rich foods are also recommended for improved blood circulation and reducing dark circles associated with anemia. Also, take alcohol in moderation and quit smoking to reduce their effects on your skin.
Topical natural remedies
Natural remedies, such as caffeinated tea bags, may work wonders against puffiness and dilated blood vessels. You can use black, green, or herbal tea bags because caffeine has antioxidant properties that increase blood flow (when the chilled tea bags are placed over your eyes). Another great option is aloe vera gel, which helps soothe inflammation and lighten pigmentation. Alternatively, gently rub your under-eyes with coconut, almond, or rose water.
These remedies nourish delicate skin and reduce redness, but avoid them if you are prone to acne. You can also use cucumber or chilled potato slices as an alternative. The natural coolness of sliced cucumbers soothes the eyes. Cucumbers contain additional nutrients, including vitamin C, silica, and a high water content.
Sun protection and reduced screen time
UV rays may cause melanin overproduction, so it’s advisable to use sunscreen and wear sunglasses to avoid squinting and strain. Additionally, limit your screen time and take regular screen breaks to prevent eye strain and ensure sufficient rest.
Medical treatments for dark circles
Homemade options are gentler, but results vary. If dark circles persist, it may be time for targeted dermatological or surgical treatments.
Topical prescriptions
These are often the first stop for persistent cases. Some topical prescriptions for POH include:
- Retinoids: To improve collagen production and thicken the skin. It is usually prescribed for age-related or structural dark circles, but it may irritate the thin skin under the eyes.
- Vitamin C serums: To brighten the skin and reduce melanin production. Best for pigmented circles and dullness.
- Caffeine-infused creams: A medical alternative to natural tea bags. These creams are best suited for reducing vascular circles and puffiness associated with fatigue.
- Hydroquinone: Prescribed for stubborn melanin pigmentation. However, long-term use carries risks of ochronosis, so it is recommended to use it under medical supervision.
- Kojic or azelaic acid: Gentle options for pigmentation, especially for sensitive skin.
Chemical peels
Chemical peels use glycolic or lactic acid to exfoliate pigmented skin layers, lightening hyperpigmentation under the eyes. For optimal results, consider combining mild peels with topical prescriptions.
Laser therapy
Several types of laser therapy target different types of POH. For example, pulsed dye lasers target vascular lesions by sealing broken capillaries, while Q-switched lasers are best suited for breaking up melanin-based lesions.
Dermal fillers
Dermal fillers can fill tear troughs (hollows under the eyes) to reduce the appearance of structural dark circles. So this may be the best option if you have deep-set eyes or volume loss. Professionals use hyaluronic acid, and the results last from 6 months to a year.
Microneedling with PRP
This method, also known as Platelet-Rich Plasma therapy, utilizes the growth factors in your blood to replenish the under-eye skin. It stimulates collagen production, which reduces pigmentation and improves skin texture. The procedure is best for age-related or tired-looking dark circles.
Blepharoplasty
Blepharoplasty is a lower eyelid surgery designed to remove or reposition under-eye fat and tighten the surrounding skin. It’s recommended for severe under-eye bags or sagging skin, and can lead to permanent improvement. Remember, you will need recovery time after this invasive surgery.
Treating underlying health issues
Allergy shots, iron supplements, and hormone-balancing medications may help address dark circles caused by allergies, anemia, or thyroid conditions. However, you must get a diagnosis from a qualified medical practitioner before treating any condition.
When to see a doctor
You can see a doctor at any time if the appearance of dark circles bothers you. However, even if they don’t bother you, visit one if:
- Dark circles suddenly become worse,
- You notice swelling, pain, or constant itching (could indicate thyroid issues or allergies)
- Home remedies fail after a month or two.
Additionally, not all remedies are suitable for every type of dark circle. A certified dermatologist will provide the best course of action, tailored to your specific skin type, tone, and any underlying medical conditions.
Final thoughts
Many assume dark circles are a symptom of tiredness, but that may not be the entire story. Other causes include genetics, lifestyle choices, excessive melanin production, allergies, and the individual’s overall facial structure. Sometimes, home remedies such as vitamin-rich oils, caffeinated tea bags, or sliced cucumbers may be enough to treat Periorbital hyperpigmentation (POH).
However, if you don’t see any changes after about six weeks, consider seeking more targeted medical treatments, such as topical creams, laser therapy, microneedling, or fillers. Remember, visiting a dermatologist is advisable to find the root cause or rule out any underlying medical conditions. Also, some topical solutions, such as hydroquinone, must be used under medical supervision.
Lastly, not every shadow under your eye needs an intervention. Sometimes, dark circles tell a story. They remind you of your heritage, rich stories, or late nights pursuing your passion. If you recognize and love the person you see in the mirror, you may not need to chase a fix at all. Beauty isn’t the surface appearance of your eyes — it’s owning the life behind them.
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